The Structure-Agency Debate

The Structure-Agency DebateI have been involved in football for as long as I can remember, with the cover of geomorphologic Functionalism I am going to attempt to understand my interlocking in football. The Structure theory, Structural Functionalism can be utilise to my stupefy as a footballer and explain how football has affected my position in coeval society. The main assumption of Structural Functionalism is that society is an organized system of interrelate parts that attempts to maintain a state of equilibrium (Williams Kolkka 1998 p.358). Williams Kolkka (1998) employ this assumption of Structural Functionalism within their look into of Wheelchair Basketball, they conceptualised the activity as its acquire in social system which comprised of its members (including players, coaches physiotherapists, supporters etc.) and the relationship between them. This can be applied to my position within football particularly at club level. I was a player at Wakefield Ladies F.C . therefore through ingrained interaction with other players and other forms of members including the coaches, physiotherapists and supporters, this lead to the maintaining the clubs state of equilibrium and the system work as a whole (Malcolm 2008). This highlights my contri stillion in maintaining a successful working system hitherto Structural Functionalism only offers a positive look at of sporting systems and experiences therefore offers no insight into how limited barriers and chastenesss challenged my position in football. Bourdieus theory deals with constraints through defining how different forms of dandy can affect a persons identity.A nonher aspect of Structural Functionalism is that, sport is seen as a vital tool in successfully maintaining the state of equilibrium, it is said to instil desired values and attitudes (Williams and Kolkka 1998 Malcolm 2008). Therefore a Structural Functionalist would argue that by playing football I learned the desired values and att itudes much(prenominal) as conformity to rules, admiration and self-control which would contribute to maintaining a state of equilibrium. all the same, Structural Functionalism only takes into account the structure of society and not several(prenominal) agency therefore provides no explanation in instinct how human beings brighten fundamental decisions, such those which lead to me choosing to play football or how my current social world was work upd unlike Bourdieus chassis and Capital which explains how carve up figure confined me to the choice of football (Malcolm 2008 Williams 1994 top hat 2003). In 2008 the FA rolled disclose the RESPECT campaign across all levels of football, in response to a range of behavioural problems contact the game. The campaign was designed to protect players and referees and create an environment in which sport can be enjoyed but as well have wider benefits to society. I played under the RESPECT campaign when it was first introduced and on reflection, I found it reinforced the desired values and attitudes which are required not only on the football pitch but in like manner in wider society (RESPECT Four Years On. 2012 Malcolm 2008). A Structural Functionalist would view the RESPECT campaign as a positive step to creating a state of equilibrium (Williams Kolkka 1998). It is unequivocal that Structural Functionalism highlights how I have been a part of maintaining a successful societal system and also the positive effect in which sport has had on my life however it offers no reasoning as to why I became involved in football. .The Agency theory, exemplary Interactionism can be applied in attempt to gain an understanding of my involvement within football. George Herbert Mead is said to be the founding Father of exemplary Interactionism. Hewitt (2000 in Armstrong 2007) shapes Symbolic Interactionism as a theory which helps human beings define and give meaning to experiences, allowing them to create an individual and unique identity. The main assumption of Symbolic Interactionism is that society is created and maintained by social interaction we are all actors on a stage who generate meaning through what we do and who we do it with (Craig Beedie 2010 p.61). This draws upon my decision to join a football club it allowed social interaction to occur which consequently constructed my own social world. Malcolm (2008) furthers Craig and Beedies (2010) assumption by highlighting the focus upon the individual and the way in which they visualise and make sense of the world in which they exit in. There are two widely researched areas within Symbolic Interactionism, Socialisation and Subcultures. Firstly, Socialisation focusses upon who becomes involved in sport and is true through learning to read, understand and interpret symbols to aid individuals in becoming members of society (Best 2003). Cottingham (2012) states how interpreting symbols in the correct manner is a fundamental process, as it in creases focus and wider understanding of an object, Gilbert (1994) furthers Cottinghams (2012) statement by adding, that the constructs are grounded within the heeds of those who experience the perceive symbolic actions (p. 142). On reflection, through disclose the years I have understood and interpreted symbols whilst playing football to aid my socialisation. For example when I first began to attend training sessions at Wakefield Ladies F.C, by interpreting and understanding the coaches I was able to demonstrate competence which led to being selected on a match day and also sure by the rest of the team on a social level ascribable to my ability to prescribe to the groups norm. It could be argued that my behaviour at Wakefield F.C. Ladies was callable to previous experiences proper(postnominal) symbols became grounded in my mind throughout my development from junior level to the open age therefore this would have led to upward(a) my process of socialisation throughout the yea rs (Best 2003 Gilbert 1994).This example can also be connect to the second research area within the Agency debate, Subcultures. By prescribing to the groups norms in terms of beliefs and practices I was accepted and became part of a socially defined group, further creating myself a specific identity (Craig Beedie 2010). I corroborate this identity through not only Symbolic Interactionism but also symbolic consumption as I have specific Wakefield F.C. Ladies uniform which I am required to wear for training, matches and other events, these items of clothing have a specific meaning of being a part of the team therefore is an trenchant tool in creating my identity (Armstrong 2007). It is realise that by applying Symbolic Interactionism to my own position within contemporary society I can begin to understand why events occurred and why I was accepted into the team.However Symbolic Interactionism is often criticised for over emphasising individual agency and failing to take into acc ount structural inequalities and constraints such as race, gender, sort and ethnicity (Craig Beedie 2010). On reflection, this weakness can be applied to my example as, playing for Wakefield F.C the mens variance of club was deemed superior and was seen in a much much favourable perspective to the Womens section. This was a constraint which we had to regularly deal with and included reduced funding compared to the mens section and poor training facilities. Therefore we had a barrier to overcome whilst attempting to build a successful team. This weakness highlights how Agency theories do not take into account power systems as a Post-Dualist theory would. Bourdieu would argue that this barrier would not create a working system and would affect my interpretation of experiences, as any experiences related to this constraint are plausibly to be deemed negative (Best 2003). It could be argued that the Agency theory, Symbolic Interactionism helps explain my interpretation of my own so cial construct but still with some constraints.A third theory which can be drawn upon is the post-dualist theory, Bourdieus figure and Capital, which takes into account both structures in society and individual agency (Craig Beedie 2010). Bourdieus work was based upon empirical and theoretic investigations his work was also in relation to sport, unlike Structural Functionalism and Symbolic Interactionism. They are theories that were not in the first place based around sport but were later applied and adapted to help offer a sociological explanation of sport. Bourdieu developed a social framework from his empirical and theoretical investigations which involved Habitus, Capital and Field I will use Habitus and Capital in attempt to explain my involvement with football. Firstly, Capital can be defined as power and Habitus is defined by Elliott (2009) as a structuring feature with an infinite capacity for moulding individuals. Habitus is internalised as a second nature, as individual s we acquire habits, either knowingly or unknowingly, from a structural context and we use these practices to live out our everyday lives (Best 2003 p.204). Bourdieus work links class habitus and thwack extremely closely this can be applied to my position within society as it could be argued that both class habitus and taste led to my choice of football. It is clear that the subconscious decision to develop an lodge in in football is due to my class habitus and the confinement of my families working class background (Best 2003). The sport of football reflects class distinctions and represents the class I belong to if I was born into an upper class family I may have developed an interest in other sports such as Rugby Union or Polo (Best 2003 Tomlinson 2004). Furthermore, my Fathers taste and class habitus will have affected my subconscious decision, as he had already developed specific practices including supporting and playing football therefore this would have influenced the prac tices I developed whilst growing up (Best 2003). Best (2003) argues that despite us developing different practices to make a distinction between ourselves and others, passel who live within the same social field are likely to share the same habitus, therefore people who I were brought up around all had a specific interest in football which is other reason why I may have been inclined towards football. Finally, it can be argued that Bourdieus class habitus can be applied best to explain my interest in football as it focusses upon where my interest originates from unlike the other Structural Functionalism and Symbolic Interaction.Another aspect of Bourdieus work which can be applied to my position within football is his work involving the body and the creation and reproduction of social differences that can be displayed by the body, one way it can be displayed is through tension (Craig Beedie 2010). A strong Yorkshire accent is often related to the working class therefore this is a form of cultural crown in the embodied state (Laberge 1995). Social differences in terms of cultural capital can be determine when I play football for University because part of my cultural capital is a Yorkshire accent therefore this is not the norm within the University team, as the majority of players are from the Middlesbrough area (Craig and Beedie 2010 Laberge 1995). This differs from when I played football for Wakefield F.C. Ladies, as the majority of players were from the same area therefore shared the same accent. This highlights a difference in individual agency and also the importance of cultural capital. Bourdieus work has been criticised over the years, Elliott (2009) argues that Bourdieus work takes the economy for granted and does not take into account the role of economic issues upon social life, Elliott (2009) furthers his argument by accusing Bourdieu of elevating cultural capital over economic capital. This can clearly be seen as despite Bourdieus work leadin g me to define how I came to develop an interest in football, however it has not taken into account the economic constraints which I faced such as cost of travel, kit and also subs after each match. It is evident that this is an economic force which was a barrier to me. In terms of my example economic capital is much more significant than Cultural Capital, economic capital was a barrier where as cultural capital barely highlights a difference between team members.In conclusion, it is evident that all three theories can be applied to my position within contemporary society however after taking into consideration their strengths and weaknesses along with application, I believe Bourdieus post-dualist theory applies best as it takes into consideration the structures within society but also the agency of the individual (Craig Beedie 2010). Bourdieus Habitus and Capital allows an explanation of the origins of my interest in sport, Symbolic Interactionism and Structural Functionalism can not do this. They only offer significant explanations of what sport has offered me and how it has contributed to the identity in which I hold today. Therefore it is clear that Bourdieus work is the most complex and offers a better understanding of my interest in sport and my position within contemporary society.