The Present Day College Admission Marketplace - 1170 Words

The present day college admission marketplace in the United States is part of an extensive historical evolution. In the 1920s, broadened public interest and the burgeoning of the credit industry led to the first waves of democratization in the higher education arena (Kimball, 2011). The subsequent professionalization and a growing pattern of stratification in the admissions marketplace have seen institutions of all types using increasingly sophisticated mechanisms to attract qualified applicants (Duffy and Goldberg, 1998). With the release of the first U.S. News World Report rankings in 1983 (Morse, 2008), public perception of college admission significantly shifted and colleges began to adopt widespread enrollment management†¦show more content†¦With the exception of the eligibility-based model which champions â€Å"entitlement† and â€Å"open access†, the other three models are selective in nature in that students are compared against one another on the basi s of certain criteria before an admissions decision is made. The most common and basic philosophy adopted by institutions is the performance-based model, which judges applicants based on their demonstrated performance prior to college. This model is advanced through two approaches, meritocracy and character. The meritocracy approach views acceptance into an institution as a reward for prior academic achievement, while the character approach focuses on personal qualities such as resilience and civic virtue (the College Board, 2002). In addition, many colleges also assess students based on their ability to benefit from higher education. The two approaches under this theme include the enhancement approach and the mobilization approach. The former is intended to identify and nurture talent while the latter promotes social and economic mobility (the College Board, 2002). These approaches attempt to contextualize previous accomplishments in light of the student’s circumstances and accord value to unrealized potential. The final philosophical model evaluates students based on their ability to contribute to the institution and society if admitted, both in the short run and long run. In the short run,

Lesson 5 Discussion Forum Caterpillar Inc. - 1451 Words

Lesson 5 Discussion Forum Caterpillar Inc. (CAT) is an American-based company and the world’s leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines and diesel-electric locomotives. CAT can trace its origins back to a 1925 merger between two tractor companies. However, the official genesis was in 1986 when the company reorganized under the Caterpillar Inc. name. The CAT headquarters are in Peoria, Illinois. Over the years, CAT has offshored a lot of their manufacturing. Offshoring is different than outsourcing because the company still has ownership of the process. However, the location of the process is abroad. On the other hand, outsourcing is the complete transfer of ownership of a process or product that the company used to perform or produce in-house. CAT’s management decision to offshore manufacturing is in part of their vision statement. With this declaration, CAT’s management made a decision that they needed to provide the best value to customers globally. To illustrate, Andrew Thompson discusses part of CAT’s vision statement, â€Å"Caterpillar will be the leader in providing the best value in machines, engines and support services for customers dedicated to building the world’s infrastructure and developing and transporting its resources. We provide the best value to customers† (Thompson, 2015). CAT’s vision statement guided the company’s decision to offshore manufacturing. As a result, peopleShow MoreRelatedAtlassian6985 Words   |  28 Pagesclass discussion, rather than to illustrate an effective or ineffective handling of a business situation. The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Carl Hedberg of Babson College who collected the interview and other data in 2006. 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Hong Kong The Special Administrative Region â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Hong Kong The Special Administrative Region? Answer: Introducation In both the standard highlighted in this question, the physical layer highlights the working procedures of the protocols. In essence, this layer will detail the transmission and reception of data frames i.e. the 802.11 frame(tonight, 2017). The first unique item about the 802.11a standard is the use of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technique (OFDM) to transmit data. Now, like most other wireless networking technologies, the need to increase the available bandwidth is supported by multiple access techniques that either spread or split common communication channel among many users (signals)(Mitchell, 2017). In its operations, the 802.11a standard uses the PLCP structure (Physical layer convergence procedure) to convert transmitted frames into PLCP data units (PPDU). This unit will consist of the fields such as the MAC layer, preamble, rate and parity value. Moreover, it is attributed with the following characteristics: First, the standard through its physical layer is able to offer a 5 GHz wireless connection. This connection has high data rates of up to 54 Mbps, a critical facility for modern mobile systems that requiHong Kong The Special Administrative Regionre high data rates. Secondly, the multiplexing technique used (OFDM) splits the communication channel into 48 different segments from the original 20 MHz frequency band. Furthermore, on top of the original data rate (54 Mbps), the standard can offer varying rate of either 6, 12 or even 24 Mbps. Finally, different modulation techniques are used in conjunction with the standard depending on the data rates. Therefore, application with 6 Mbps rates will use binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and those of 54Mbps will use quadrature amplitude technique (QAM) (Geier, 802.11a Physical Layer Revealed, 2003). Similar to the IEEE 802.11a standard, the 802.11b offers a wireless alternative to wired networking, where flexibility and mobility are enhanced. This standard defines a working wireless system that supports functionalities within the short range area i.e. 300 meters. Furthermore, its operations require minimal resources which minimizes the cost and power consumption(IEEE, 2007). Now, its physical layer and other related components diversify the structure of the original standard IEEE 802.11, an outcome that increases the functionalities. In all, the following attributes are exhibited in the workings of the physical layer: First, its operation around the world falls within the ISM frequency band category, which ranges between the frequencies of 2.4 GHz and 2.4835 GHz. In some instances, the values can change slightly to 2.471 and 2.497 GHz. Moreover, the operation band is split into 14 subsections of 22 MHz thickness. These subsections overlap during operation which maximizes the space. Furthermore, the chip rate of the electromagnetic interface is usually 11 MHZ, an outcome that supports transmission rates of 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps. Finally, it uses both spread spectrum multiplexing technique (DSSS) and complementary code keying (CCK) for its operations. DSSS is used for data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps, while CC is used for 5.5 and 11 Mbps rates(Khan, 2013). Highlights: 802.11a 802.11b Freq band: 5 GHz Freq band: 2.4 GHz Data rate: 54 Mbps Data rate: 11 Mbps Modulation techniques: BPSK and QAM Modulation techniques: DSSS and CCK Like most standards seen today, the 802.11i standard is an advancement of an original standard i.e. the 802.11. Now, this general standard (802.11) offers security to wireless systems through data encryption and authentication. In the original protocol, the basic WPA (Wi-Fi protected access) was used to restrict access to wireless LAN. However, as experienced today, this protocol has very many limitations that expose the content used. Therefore, the 802.11i was developed to address these shortcomings by employing the WPA2 protocol. This protocol refined the security standards by increasing the authentication requirements and by supporting its operations using AES encryption (Advanced Encryption Standard)(electronics, 2017). For a client trying to access a server, the standard introduced new access mechanisms including robust security network which uses a four-way handshake. This handshake is completed by a group keying system that uses the extensible authentication protocol (EAP)(eTutorials, 2017). Therefore, the following procedure is followed: The client initiates the access process by sending an EAP message (notification). Its access point also sends an EAP message to identify itself. The client responds an outcome that encrypts its operations to both authenticator and the server. The server challenges the client to prove its identity. Based on the response, the server either accepts or rejects the access request. Finally, if accepted, the access port is transformed into an authorized state (Latour, 2012). Virtual private networks (VPNs) While the internet offers a convenient medium to transfer and exchange data, its also poses many security threats most of which are related to its access. Now, VPNs are industrial responses to this limitation where secure and personalized channels are used to transfer content between two parties across the open channels of the internet(Cisco, 2000). In all, VPNs are encrypted channels that protect transmitted data by restricting those who access them. In their operations, two main methods or types are used; site to site connections and remote access. Site to site connections establishes large-scale connections based on verified encryption methods. These encryptions are implemented between two different points across the internet. Remote access, on the other hand, allows remote parties to access networks such as LANs. VPNs support their operations by using special encryption keys which can be either be publicly shared keys or private keys. These keys are then supported by a wide range of protocols including IPsec which encrypts the networking infrastructure. It is through these structures, that VPNs increases the security and convenience of wireless networks(Infosec, 2008). Application of Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) In this scenario, we highlight the requirement given by the case study at hand, where ZeeTech requires a convenient solution for WMAN connection. In essence, the company requires an optimal technology that will facilitate the services they offer to their clients across a wide geographical area. Furthermore, the solution adopted should meet the companys resource requirement which includes cost, data capacity, installation area and security. In this case, three technologies are considered; HiperMAN, HiperACCESS and the IEEE 802.16 standard (WiMAX) (the preferred choice)(Jain, 2006). HiperMAN Like any other WMAN technology, this standard offers a broadband connection to the supported devices based on the needs of the users. In terms of operational frequency, the technology will offer a frequency range of between 2 GHz and 11 GHz, a range that enhances the functionalities of wireless devices across low frequencies(ETSI, 2009). Furthermore, the standards offer an optimal data rate of about 56.9 Mbit/s, which is averaged at 50 Mbit/s. In addition to these features, HiperMAN also has improved point to multipoint configuration (PMP), an outcome that optimizes the air interface which subsequently facilitates the application of mesh networks. This optimization is also supported by strong security features that are implemented using strong encryption and modulation instances. Finally, its implementation cost is manageable as minimal resources are needed to expand its service quota (QoS) and operation metrics(works, 2017).. HiperACCESS The second alternative to WMAN implementation where broadband services are offered to small to medium-sized systems. HiperACCESS also offers backhaul services and resources where users can benefit from the application of mobile technologies such as GPRS and GSM. Nevertheless, for the consideration of the case study at hand, HiperACCESS offers a high data rate of about 100 Mbit/sec. This rate could easily satisfy the requirements at hand, moreover, this rate is supplemented by high-frequency band applications ranging between 40.5 GHz and 43.5 GHz(ETSI, 2009). These bands offer wider coverage area for services which can increase the users service area. Furthermore, its security features are characterized by advanced access control solutions which protect the data and resources being used. Finally, the cost is amicably low as minimal physical infrastructure are used. However, unlike HiperMAN, this technology requires additional resources to meet the needs of low-frequency networks appli cations(WMICH, 2015). WiMAX (802.16 standards) The most suitable alternative for the ZeeTech operations as it provides a wide range of solutions and resources that are unmatched by the rest. To start with, the standard will combine both the operations of first mile connections with those of the last mile system. This outcome increases the overall service area which is an outlined requirement for the case study at hand. Moreover, its functionalities are facilitated by a convenient bandwidth which has a wide frequency band of either 10 GHz or 66 GHz(Omerovic). Therefore, during its operations, ZeeTech can be able to offer extended services to its customers without the limitations of space. Furthermore, unlike the previous two that either capitalize of low or high-frequency application, the technology at hand incorporates both where low-frequency applications are facilitated by an ability work below the 11 GHz band. Now, to the data rate, 802.16 offers some of the highest rates ranging from 100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s, an outcome that increases its overall operational efficiency. Furthermore, its security features go beyond those of the other technologies combining authentication standards with high-end air encryption. This technology will even offer end to end data encryption which improves data control over the IP system. Finally, the cost, which is convenient based on the services and resources needed(IEEE, 2016). 2G technologies TDMA (Time division multiple access): a wireless communication technique that maximizes the bandwidth of transmission by diversifying and spreading the radio spectrum. This functionality is facilitated by an allocation method that uses time to divide the frequency of transmission. Therefore, a single channel is converted to a multiple access system. Characteristics: Uses time to allocate transmission space. Suitable for both data and voice transmission. Data range between 64 kbps and 120 Mbps. Convenient for analog to digital transmission(point, 2017). CDMA (Code division multiple access): a similar technique to TDMA, however, unlike the time allocation scheme, CDMA uses pseudo codes to transmit signals. Moreover, it is based on the spread spectrum technique, a technique that diversifies resources among many users. Furthermore, it does not allocate space but allows all signal to use the entire radio spectrum but with the necessary identification(point, 2017). Characteristics: Pseudo-codes are used to identify signals. Facilitates the transmission of large volumes of information. Both data and voice can be transmitted. GSM (Global system for mobile communications): a wireless technology that differs slightly from the rest as it designed with digital and cellular objectives. Furthermore, its an open technology that transmits both data and voice based on a circuit switching system. Therefore, a connection must be established before transmission is done. It also splits its communication channel (200 kHz) into 8 different sections which increase its transmission quota. Characteristics: Its a circuit switch technology. Suitable for both data and voice transmission(Education, 2012). References Cisco. (2000). Introduction to VPNs. Extending the Classic WAN, Retrieved 27 September, 2017, from: https://www.cisco.com/networkers/nw00/pres/2400.pdf. electronics, R. (2017). IEEE 802.11i Wi-Fi Security: WEP WPA / WPA2. Radio electronics, Retrieved 27 September, 2017, from:" https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/wi-fi/ieee-802-11i-security-wpa2-wep.php. ETSI. (2009). Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); HIPERACCESS; Packet based Convergence Layer; Part 1. ETSI TS 102 117-1, REtrieved 27 September, 2017, from: www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102100_102199/.../01.01.../ts_10211502v010101p.pdf. eTutorials. (2017). IEEE 802.11i. Retrieved 27 September, 2017, from: https://etutorials.org/Networking/Wireless+lan+security/ChaptAnswer:ng Special Administrative Region, Retrieved 27 September, 2017, from: https://www.infosec.gov.hk/english/technical/files/vpn.pdf. Jain, R. (2006). Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs). Washington University in Saint Louis, Retrieved 27 September, 2017, from: https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-06/ftp/j_6man.pdf. Khan, R. (2013). Comparison of IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g. Code project, Retrieved 27 September, 2017, from: https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/13253/Comparison-of-IEEE-a-IEEE-b-and-IEEE. Mitchell, B. (2017). Wireless Standards 802.11a, 802.11b/g/n, and 802.11ac. Lifewire, Retrieved 27 September, 2017, from: https://www.lifewire.com/wireless-standards-802-11a-802-11b-g-n-and-802-11ac-816553. Omerovic, S. (n.d.). WiMax Overview. Retrieved 27 September, 2017, from: https://www.lait.fe.uni-lj.si/Seminarji/s_omerovic.pdf. tonight, S. (2017). PHYSICAL Layer - OSI Model. COMPUTER NETWORKS, Retrieved 27 September, 2017, from: https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/osi-model-physical-layer

Women in the Renaissance Essay Example For Students

Women in the Renaissance Essay Women in the Renaissance The women of the Renaissance not only experienced a great rebirth in classical humanism, but they also contributed largely in both the artistic and political aspects in the Renaissance. This is proved by the numerous female individuals that still remain as the greatest Renaissance figures in history. The birth of classical humanism in the female world was defended and acknowledged by prominent figures such as Laura Cerate and Lucrative Marginalia. The artistic world of the Renaissance delivered talented artists and musicians like Laving Fontana and Middleman Casually. We will write a custom essay on Women in the Renaissance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now And finally, the most notable characters of the Renaissance was the Queen of England, Elizabeth l. Queen Elizabeth not only was able to rise to a powerful position of political status, but she also had the strength to move the land of England into a period of peace and artistic prosper. Although the Renaissance is highly dominated by the male world, we shouldnt forget the importance of the few female individuals who took advantage of this time of enlightenment and shared with the world, their individuality and intelligence. Women humanists of the Renaissance were limited to the few wealthy aristocrat implies in England. According to The Book of the Courtier, an ideal woman of the Renaissance was one who had the knowledge of classical education to entertain her husband. Although the purpose of educating a woman was solely for the mans entertainment, this idea proved to be a great stepping stone to a womans independence. Most of the educated women in the Renaissance were from upper class families who had the incredible opportunity to give their children a humanistic education. Laura Cerate was from a Breccias Aristocratic family who was fortunate enough to study the art of humanism. She diligently studied throughout her lifetime and was able to form an independent opinion on the views of women in the Renaissance. She wrote a letter called the Defense of Liberal Instruction of Women that intelligently defended the unfortunate, secondary status of women in the Renaissance. She states that women have had a great reputation in contributing to the outside world with their intelligence, and with this statement, she lists off the names of famous women in the past to further argue and prove her position. Cerate explains that the reason there are only a few women humanists was because the omen of the Renaissance were more concerned with their outward appearances and spoiled splendor than the treasure of education, The explanation is clear: women have been able by nature to be exceptional, but have chosen lesser goals. (Firer, 35) It seems that, although gaining a humanistic education as a women was a difficult task, even those who were fortunate enough with the opportunity to learn classical humanism were Just not interested in contributing to the Renaissance. Therefore, we should form greater acknowledgement and respect for the few female individuals who took part of the Renaissance. Another noteworthy individual who gained prominence through her humanistic education was a woman by the name of Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men was the piece that gave her recognition as a humanist and a feminist. Marginalia not only defends women of the Renaissance, but also illustrates her point further by pointing out the defects of men. The Renaissance was not only defined by its humanistic wonders, but was also illustrated in the unique art and talented music of that time. Women contributed largely in that area by playing significant roles in professional singing groups and accomplishing musical compositions. Middleman Casually was a prominent musician during the Renaissance because she was the first female composer to see her works get published. She used word painting to give her pieces more dramatic feeling and sensual moods. .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .postImageUrl , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:hover , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:visited , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:active { border:0!important; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:active , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Renaissance And Discovery Essay PaperThere was also a group of all female professional singers called Concerto Dell Done that were famed for their technical and artistic excellence. They ultimately became the model for all other female ensembles around the world. Women who were talented enough had the chance to train as a professional singer. This process slowly began to give women more individuality and they became independently known for their original talent. Along with the music world, the artistic world was also influenced greatly by the womens touch. A notable artist during the Renaissance was a Boldness painter by the name of Laving Fontana. She was largely known for her skillful portraits that later won her fame and recognition for her wedding pieces of the upper class. Although male artists like Leonardo Ad Vinci and Michelangelo have garnered more recognition than female artists like Fontana, the Renaissance proved to be period where creative female individuals had the chance to share their innovative talent with the world. One of the most significant female characters of the Renaissance was a political figure, Queen Elizabeth. Her reign was known as the Elizabethan Era and under her rule there was a thriving of famous playwrights, such as William Shakespeare. She not only encouraged the artistic flourishing, but also helped bring the land of England to a time of peace and prosperity. Her reign is also widely acknowledged as the ruler of Englands golden era and she is considered an ideal Renaissance ruler cause she was gifted with political intelligence and had a desire for exploration and prosperity. To be a successful ruler during the Renaissance, one had to be accepting of new ideas and creativity while maintaining a strong leadership over its people. Not only was Queen Elizabeth able to successfully carry out political power, but she also used the fact that she was a woman to her advantage. Queen Elizabeth was a devoted polities, and she never married because she wanted to keep that option open for upper class men who wanted to pursue her. That way she was able to use them to her advantage because she wasnt tied down to one man. She dedicated her lifestyle for success and is a great example of a woman who gained worldwide recognition as an extraordinary Renaissance fugue. There are arguments claiming that Elizabeth was only successful because she possessed masculine personality traits such as physical bravery, strength, and stamina. Machiavelli also stated that the worst type of ruler is one who is effeminate, in other words, emotional of a woman who carried out charismatic power. Elizabeth did possess these masculine traits, but she also chose to avoid marriage, something that all women were expected to do. She integrated courtships as part of an important process for foreign policies. These extended courtships provided short term diplomatic gains during a long period while marriages only yielded some strategic gains with a costly allegiance. Queen Elizabeth knew this strategy and she strengthened her rule by using her husbandly status to her advancement. The women of the Renaissance took a secondary position to the men of the Renaissance, but that doesnt mean that they didnt have a Renaissance. Although their achievements were not as well known, the Renaissance was the beginning of a omens first steps to individuality. Even though most women during this time werent fortunate enough to gain an education in humanism, the fact that knowledgeable women were coveted have proved that education was now highly regarded in the female world. The Renaissance was a time where women did not have to stay cooped up in the house to be considered an ideal spouse. Women with a classical education background were highly recognized, and this slowly set off a chain reaction of important, influential female figures like Fontana and Cerate.

Queering Heterosexuality Essay Example

Queering Heterosexuality Essay Example Queering Heterosexuality Essay Queering Heterosexuality Essay Women Gender and Sexuality Studies Course title: Queer Gender paper subject/title: ‘Queering’ Heterosexuality Heterosexuality is universally described as having a desire or sexual contact with someone of the opposite sex from ones own. This particular definition of heterosexuality for the most part, has remained relatively unquestioned. In turn, this has allowed heteronormative cultures and beliefs to assume heterosexuality as the norm. Marginalizing people who do not fit within heterosexual norms perpetuates the exclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transsexual individuals, as well as, heterosexual individuals that participate in sexual practices that are not in alliance with commonly held notion of heterosexuality. The focus of this paper will be to use Nikki Sullivan’s writing, A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory in order to identify the ways in which Lizzie Borden’s 1986 film Working Girls, ‘queers’ heterosexuality. Analyzing heterosexuality through Sullivan’s writings and Borden’s film, allows for the universal understanding of heterosexuality to be challenged. Heterosexuality is consistent with dominant group membership and with beliefs, values, and institutions that support and are supported by that group. Therefore, the institution of heterosexuality constructs restrictions and allows for little element of real choice. Within heterosexuality, males are the only ones that are given the ability to choose. Males are in the dominant, profiting, and controlling position in heterosexual relationships, whereas females are understood to serve, pleasure, and assume females to abide by the decisions that males make for them. Following the lives of a group of female sex workers, Lizzie Borden’s 1986 film,  Working Girls  juxtaposes paid â€Å"straight† sexuality with lesbianism. Molly, the main character in the film, is the only female who is known to be a lesbian. However, even though Molly is  a lesbian and has sex with men, what she is doing is engaging in a performance of heterosexuality. This is just the same as her engaging in a performance of sexual service for money. Since money is being exchanged in response to sexual practices, this already ‘queers’ the notion of heterosexuality. The concept of sex as a commodity that is sold by women and consumed by men is something that bears further feminist analysis. In her film, Borden illustrates that there is nothing straight about sex work. Selling sex is believed to be quite outside the normative codes of heterosexual conduct, whereby sex is privileged as something you do for love or reproduction. So therefore, the exchange of money for a sexual service is a defining characteristic that is believed to be a queer act. This means that any sexual practices that are not done out of love or for reproduction are only done for pleasure, which is not in congruence with heterosexual practices. In the film Working Girls Borden illustrates that within the sex work industry, certain women come up with complex and provocative theories of femininity and sexuality when describing their jobs. Due to the jobs they have and the position they are placed in relevance to men, these women are given the ability to have real choice and choose their sexual partners. These women make their own personal choices to engage or not engage in certain sexual acts with their clients. An example of this is seen in the film when a client of Molly’s commands her to suck his penis and she responds back to him that she will not do anything she does not want to do. Molly’s response challenges the social and sexual power of men dominating women, therefore deconstructing the heterosexual knowledge that men are in control. In heterosexuality, the male is always the victor, however in Borden’s film the females are the ones in the position of the victor because they are the ones in control of the men. This can be seen in the film by having a woman, Lucy deal with all the money the women make. Lucy is in the dominant controlling position, which threatens the traditional understanding that the man is in charge of the house. Not to mention that, in the sex work industry females, sex workers and pimps, financially profiting from the sexual interactions they have with males, their clients. Christine Overall, a feminist theorist Sullivan refers to in her writings, aims to envision a more compatible relationship between heterosexuality and feminism. By making a conscious and informed choice to partake in heterosexual practices without agreeing to endorse the heterosexual institution, this could be identified as a form of feminist praxis (Sullivan, 126). The sex workers in the film, may not voice that they are feminists, however they still make conscious and informed choices to participate or not in sexual practices with their cliental. Overall outlines a number of reasons as to why the choice to participate in heterosexual practices need to be observed as a justifiable option for feminists. Furthermore, Sullivan relates Overall’s thesis to a statement made by Segal, All feminists could, and strategically should, participate in attempting to subvert the meaning of ‘heterosexuality’, rather than simply trying to abolish its practice†¦to acknowledge that there are many ‘heterosexualities’†¦We need to explore them, both to affirm those which are based on safety, trust, and affection†¦a nd which therefore empower women† (Sullivan, 127). Both Overall and Segal, challenge the notion that there is only one definition of heterosexuality, by introducing the belief that there are various different forms of heterosexuality among us. But rather than simply encouraging women to choose to participate in heterosexual practices on their own terms, Segal invites women to play an active role in subverting heterosexual norms by ‘queering’ traditional understanding of gender and sexuality. Throughout the film, sex workers interact in heterosexual practices that differ from commonly held notions of heterosexuality. At one point in the film, Molly must deal with a man that gets turned on by wearing women’s panties and getting smacked in the ass with a paddle. Sexual practices that are executed this way go outside of the box of what heterosexuality is widely described to be. Pleasures produced by practices such as fisting, anonymous sex, bondage, and so on, functions to ‘shatter identity and dissolve the subject’ (Sullivan, 156). This is because such practices work against the logic of heteronormative sex, a practice that ultimately serves as an act of reproduction. These types of practices are non-reproductive and open up a sort of polymorphous perversity, enabling us to rethink pleasure and sexuality. After analyzing Nikki Sullivan’s writing, A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory in order to identify the ways in which Lizzie Borden’s 1986 film Working Girls, ‘queers’ heterosexuality. Using Lizzie Borden’s film to analyze the sex work industry, has placed it at the crossroads of feminism and queer theory; thus, providing a unique vantage point to critique the regime of heterosexuality from various aspects. Various activists in a variety of social groups have fought to, and continue to challenge heteronormative behaviors and beliefs. Heterosexuality continues to be challenged daily in many different ways, some of which were previously discussed.

The Most Famous Wildfire Photograph Ever Taken

The Most Famous Wildfire Photograph Ever Taken Some consider the image shown, taken by an observant wildland firefighter, to be one of the most beautiful photographs of both wildfire  and wildlife taking refuge. The photo  was taken on August 6,  2000, by John McColgan who was a fire behavior expert working under a  cooperative agreement with the  Bureau of Land Management (BLM)  and attached to an Alaskan Type I Incident Management Team on a Montana wildfire.​ McColgan says he was at the perfect spot with his Kodak DC280 digital camera when fire conditions and wildlife activity combined to create his image. The pic was saved as just another image file in the new type of digital camera.   McColgan finished his work for the BLM and returned to his home in Fairbanks, Alaska. He could not be found for days after one of those pictures turned viral and spread quickly over the Internet.   One of his elk and fire snapshots has fast become one of the most downloaded environmental photos of wildlife and wildfire on the Internet. Rob Chaney, a  reporter for the  Montana Missoulian  suggested that there were multiple reasons this photo was so great. Here are some of the comments reported:   Best darned elk photo Ive ever seen.Best darned fire photo Ive ever seen.Best darned photo, period, Ive ever seen. From the Official Record The famous photo was taken on a Sunday, in the late evening where several fires burned together near Sula, Montana (population 37) and turned into one large 100,000-acre wildfire. McColgan just happened to be standing on a bridge crossing the East Fork of the  Bitterroot River  in the  Sula  Complex of the  Bitterroot National Forest  in the state of  Montana where he took what is now called his elk bath digital Image. McColgan was employed by the Alaska Fire service and was on loan to Montana and acting as an expert on wildfire behavior. McColgan just happened to be a contract fire analyst with a new camera and took digital pictures of two elk who escaped the fire by wading in the Bitterroot River. No big deal. As a natural resource professional, McColgan understood both wildfire and wildlife.  When asked about the elk, he assured that they know where to go, where their safe zones are...a lot of wildlife did get driven down there to the river. There were some bighorn sheep there. A small deer was standing right underneath me, under the bridge. McColgan completed his assignment and left for home. The Search for McColgan The digital image he took was sent from one person to another person and according to the Montana Missoulian within about 24 hours the elk photo had world-wide-webbed its way across the West. For about a week now, theres been a medium-size manhunt underway across the West. The man everyones been hunting for is John McColgan of Fairbanks. The Nation and the World were sending emails and making phone calls for weeks to find out just who took the images of the wildfire and wildlife. It was the newspaper  Missoulian in Montana who finally solved the mystery and tracked McColgan down. He had indeed been in Montana and was now in Fairbanks attending the birth of his son, where the paper finally found him and where he told reporter Rob Chaney that he had taken the picture. I just happened to be in the right place at the right time.  McColgan confirmed that he had been in fire protection for  years  and that this particular fire ranked in the top three  extreme fire behavior  events he had ever seen.   Rob Chaney in response to the photo wrote that many people have never even seen an elk. Most of those who have, even those whove seen thousands of them, never get to see an image like this. Most people dont get to see a fire like this, either. Thanks to McColgan and Rob Chaney, millions of people have seen this stunning image. McColgans image went viral and eventually was picked as a Time Magazine favorite.

The Development of Prisons Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Development of Prisons - Research Paper Example Jails & houses of rectifications were created in the American colonies soon after the revolution. The jail was designed originally for the detention of persons awaiting their trial. It soon came to be utilized as a venue for punishment after conviction. As in Great Britain, this alteration brought in increasing opposition to the use of corporal & capital punishments, & hence it was a modification of the existing system for implementing the corrective reaction to law breaking. Convicted drunkards & vagrants, particularly, were barred behind these institutions. The house of correction began as an institution for vagrants, but was not differentiable in its basic approach from the medieval jails & confinements. Oppression, vulgarity, & anarchy constituted the basic plenary of the European & American jail infrastructure. The amendment of the disciplinary reaction in the jails came at a very slow pace. As a first hand example, the number of persons confined in prisons or correctional homes after a conviction was relatively less throughout the domain of the 18th century, & in the city of New York it was not until 1788, that a wholesome law was ratified for the use of prisons & workhouses as venues of reprimand. Thus the situation & the discipline of prisons had originated from a pretty precarious position (Sutherland, Cressey, Duckenbill, 1992, p464). Over the centuries the law and standards have brought about several changes in the prisons, their structure and operations. Early dungeons By modern day standards & merits, the conditions & interiors of the jails in early days were absolutely horrific. There was lawlessness, indiscipline, & inhumane conditions both in & out of the cells. The prisoners spent their time in association, without any sort of labour, depending on charity for their entire existence. There was virtually no procedure or system to treat unwell prisoners & inmates. Religious services were also not provided for these socially prohibited trashes. Har mful alcohol, unhygienic atmosphere, & beastly conditions prevailed behind the walls of these forbidden kingdoms. The prisons in England were in a precarious position, yet there was not much ado about it. Humans living worse than animals were the general traits upon which the metaphor of the word ‘prison’ was based in the 19th century. The prisons & confinements in USA lingered in the same tottering position. The culmination of the American Revolution did not bring any sort of positive change amidst the jails & prisons. The Walnut street jail in Philadelphia was one of the most ill maintained jails of the time (Sutherland, Cressey & Luckenbill, 1992, p

Strategic Management- Chiquita's Banana Business in Columbia Essay

Strategic Management- Chiquita's Banana Business in Columbia - Essay Example This is evident in the Chiquita group of companies, which is involved in banana trade within Columbia. Over the past six decades, Columbia’s political unrest makes it problematic to conduct business, despite its promise of growth. Paramilitary groups control various business organizations, in their efforts to dominate the nation’s political and economic platforms. These revolutionary groups achieve this through extorting money from multinational companies, such as Chiquita Brands International, and threats of death and property destruction to the repudiators. ChiquitaBrands International complies with this but faces legal challenges fro its home country, the US. This manuscript mulls over Chiquiata’s predicaments, and mitigation measures towards repositioning itself in the competitive industry within the politically unsafe nation. Factors compelling Chiquita into its Actions Chiquita Brands International has been extremely profitable within the conflict prone Col umbia. Sources indicate that the firm is the among the largest global traders in the banana industry. The company also benefitted the nation significantly, with the employment creation, tax payment and the general improvement of the inhabitants’ living standards.... However, the judiciary refuted this justification, claiming that the paramilitary group used such funds in the purchase of ammunition and other items that aided them in the accomplishment of illegal activities such as kidnappings, forceful extortions and murder of innocent victims who failed to comply to their rules. This also obliged the US judiciary department of employing personnel that looked into other such firms that conform to the terror groups’ demands. The legal suit found Chiquita firm guilty, and encountered various severe losses, including paying a fine of $25 millionand a probation of five years (Jennings, 2011, p. 656). Families of the victims of theAUC activities also filed suits against the firm, owing to its involvement in the funding of AUC. This has severe implications for the firm, since it tainted the image of the firm, thereby affecting its profitability. As such, the current management of Chiquita’s subsidiary group Banadexhavean enormous task, to improve its image, and reposition itself in the ever competitive industry. Though Chiquita’s management attempted unsuccessfully to rationalize their involvement in funding a terror gang, their act seems questionable (Gottschalk, 2010, p. 17). In my opinion, their claim to fund AUC, with the promise of security is ethically incorrect (Pohl, 2012, p. 68). They claim to protect their employees, without regarding the impacts their deeds have to other inhabitants of the nation (Hellriegel and John, 2008, p.31). As such, they ought to have sought protection from other legal organizations such as the authorized US security groups. They also display they self-centered behavior by

The Revolution will not be monetarised Essay Example for Free

The Revolution will not be monetarised Essay The paper explains the revolution brought in media publication in the 21st century. It lists the different types and source of media available in today’s world which has bought drastic change in our lives. Publishers use various modes for publications that are very much profit oriented. The process of producing and disseminating information or literature is known as Publication. In simple words it is supplying information to public through different means. The content needs some media to reach out to people of different areas. Normally it is also extensively used for distributers of printer material like newspapers or book or magazines. But recently after the invention of digital form of information via Internet, things have revolutionaries. The field of publishing has expended the scope beyond imagination; involving electronic resources including electronic books, journals, and periodicals, and also blogs, websites etc. Publication includes; the developing phases, acquiring , editing and coping, graphic designing, and then printing or uploading on the internet and promoting and giving out the magazines, newspapers, books, musical works, literary works, software and all other forms handling some sort of information(McLuhan Lapham 1994). It is a separate business field. Usually the publishers handle marketing and advertising tasks as well but they can also sub contract other professional marketing publisher agencies. In the modern era revolution has bought by the internet and a new trend of freelance has introduced which means working from home on internet at their free time and in return they get paid(McLuhan Lapham 1994). Hence one of the revolutionary changes in media publishing adopted by many of the companies is that editing, revising, proofreading, drafting, designing and other steps of publishing production are done by or with the help of freelancers. Book packaging another trend where the whole procedure till the phase of printing is tackled by external individuals or companies, and later they are sold to publishing company. It is quite common type of implemented strategy among small publishers in various defensive markets where the prior company buys the academic possessions right and then it sells package to other publishing companies and earn an instantaneous return for their capital investment. Certainly, the prior publisher will usually print enough copies to meet the markets demand and therefore achieve the utmost amount of competence of the printed versions (Vivian 2008). Some corporations enhance their profit margins through mixing combination; though publishing of books is not among them. Even though magazine and news agency companies still frequently possess a printing press, where as book publishers hardly possess any. Correspondingly, the profession normally sells the complete and ready to sell products by a dispenser, who keeps and supply the publishers products on a certain fixed above percentage fee or sells on a selling on return conditions( Sissors Baron 2002). The arrival of the Internet has therefore raised an exciting question which challenges the publishers, dispenser and vendors. Recently, publishing of the textbooks and the journals is a share of a foreign production. Detractor argue that standardized accounting and revenue –focusing strategies have relocated the publishing model of make available right of entry for all. Comparing the profit-making ideal, there is also a publication not for profit, which is either organized particularly for the intention of publishing, for example university press(Wells, Moriarty Burnett 2005). A substitution method for the commercial ideal is right for entry to all, the delivery of particularized articles, information and journals over internet without any charges to information seeker and libraries. A similar expansion in this field of free source available over internet, which is also group edited, as demonstrated by a variety of schemes, like Wikipedia, Wikiprofessional, and Wikiversity. Theoretically, cinemas, television, radio, music systems, games, computer hardware, VCDs and DVDs, and cellular phonic also publish information to their spectators. Authors in a particular arena or having a limited demand originated small scale remedies to their huge market in the shape of self-publishing and small presses. Even these alternatives contain e-books format and printing on demand only to save from extra useless miscellaneous expenses. These substitutes for publication also give an opportunity to writers who consider that conventional printing will not fulfill their requirements or those who are in a condition to earn larger sum of money by straight method sales than they actually earn from bookstore sales, like famous writers who have written a series of milestones. By this means writers are more promptly published because of a comparative lower costs incurring. In the twenty first century a large amount of new scientific revolution took place in the publishing/ printing media production. These revolutions include printing on order, e-books and easily reached publications. E-books got very good response and are rapidly being grown in accessibility from 2005 till date. Amazon and Google are the cream of the when talked about the digital books publishers and libraries. The facility of quickly getting a book printed cheaply on order meant that publishers no further have to keep the bulk of books at their warehouses incase their book is not in or low in demand. This is a big benefit to small scale publishers who now can easily manage exclusive of expenses and larger scale publishers can now lower their cost by successfully selling their blacklisted books. Easily reached publication of media sources use the digital books to score books into XML and then later generate manifold designs from it to put up for sale to different customers, usually directed at those who have problem in reading. Layouts comprise of a variety of techniques like enlarged font size, Specific printing techniques, eye tracking dilemma and muscular deterioration, e-books and Audio or visual books. These days’ people are bombarded with information of all sorts. All types of media have schedule, agenda, program and pressure on the people’s thinking and opinion. Hence again the responsibility lies on the shoulder of writhers, authors, and publishers who are a prime source to media to educate these people by providing them with the tackling of critical analysis(Straubhaar, LaRose Davenport 2008). They should plan such that it would give a chance to people especially young generation to discover print media, examine the distinction concerning facts and fictions, investigate various source of marketing and promotion, find out the significant and insignificant information, and generate a quality drafted information which make obvious their comprehensive research workings on the media. The facts and figures should be kept in mind while getting information from advertisements that are seen in today’s world. They should discover a lot of mechanism that they learned. The use of a wide range of resources for their information and a mixture of modern revolutionary method representing the information is very essential. The revolution is just taking place as rapidly as a fire and no authority is monetarizing in to keep a check on material presented and the way it is presented on the different types and sort of media. Reference: McLuhan, M. Lapham, L. H. , 1994. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. The MIT Press Sissors, J. Z. Baron, R. , 2002. Advertising Media Planning. McGraw-Hill Advertising: Principles and Practice Straubhaar, J. , LaRose, R. Davenport, L. , 2008. Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology. Wadsworth Publishing Vivian, J. , 2008. Media of Mass Communication. Allyn Bacon Wells, W. D. , Moriarty, S. Burnett, J. , 2005 . Advertising: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall

Who is Smarter? Essays -- Gender Equality Intelligence Education Essay

Who is Smarter? Who's smarter? There have been several tests given to young boys and girls to test their intelligence, the turnout has been that girls' overall average intelligence is higher than that of boys. Are girls just naturally born smarter or do the teachers have something to do with it? In David Thoma's article, The Mind of Man, he writes about how he believes that women teachers are the reason why boys score lower on tests and don't do as well as girls in school. "At kindergarten and primary school level, in which little girls out-perform the boys, the vast majority of teachers are female."(121) He focuses on the fact that boys are more rebellious and outgoing than girls. Thomas believes that becasue most boys have behavior problems the teacher becomes concerned with their social and not their academic life. Since girls tend to be more diligent and less rebellious, the boys are usually the ones that speak up more forcefully and are spoken to more often by teachers. "Surveys showed that woman teachers consistently praised girls more than boys, and equally consistently criticized the boys' behavior, often regarding it as a serious problem requiring remedial treatment."(121) He adds how women teachers always seem to find boys to be loud and aggressive. In a classroom setting little girls will usually be playing or working in a quiet orderly manner while boys would be doing the same thing in a noisy and disorderly way requiring more supervision. Thomas believes that because a female teacher has to constantly keep calling the boys' attention the teacher ends up having favorite, usually being girls because they are going through a process they have already been through. Although Thomas believes that traditional male... ...ects in their head. Females prove better at reading the emotions of people in photographs."(121) Overall, I don't agree with Thomas' statement that boys do bad in school due to female teachers. If this is the case then can we say that girls do badly with male teachers? What does Thomas mean by saying that boys need to behave in ways that are not natural to them? Does he mean that they need to behave in a disciplined manner? I believe Thomas kind of contradicts himself because he does say that "boys whose lives are led without structure and discipline do not find themselves liberated. Instead they become bored, frustrated and maladaptive. They fight. They misbehave and they perform badly, both at school and thereafter."(124) Works Cited Lunsford, A. Andrea, Ruszkiewicz, J. John. The Prescence of Others. Bedford/St. Martins: Boston, New York. Copyright 2000.

Hnd Business Environment Essay

According to the my selected organization they used external recruitment in practice to attract candidates, They post a job vacancies on weekend newspaper . What is advertisement? Advertising is a one-way communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain them For Recruitment – To provide information that will attract a significant pool of qualified candidates and discourage unqualified ones from applying Use of Advertisements in Recruitment Process. Creating awareness of Job Opportunities in the specified field of Interest. Finding Desirable Candidates Keeping an competitive edge over competitors as more advertisements attracts best of the job seekers. Advertisement is the fastest way to spread recruitment hiring information . Selection: Is the process of discovering the qualifications & characteristics of the job applicant in order to establish their likely  suitability for the job position. A good selection requires a methodical approach to the problem of finding the best matched person for the job . Selection Process Preliminary Interview Selection Tests Employment Interview Reference and Background Analysis Physical Examination Job Offer Employment Contract . Use of psychological test in selection Why choose testing Objectivity – good psychological tests are standardised on a large sample and provide normative data across a wide range of demographics and age cohorts. Well selected tests will allow you to demonstrate talents that may otherwise not be evident. Validity – psychometric tests are a more valid method of assessment than interviews, academic achievement & reference checks, and when utilised in combination (for example in an assessment centre) are highly predictive of future job performance. Cost – the cost of selection errors is large for both the employer and the employee. Psychometric tests help to minimise costs while maximizing potential fit between the candidate and the job. Army Alpha and Beta tests (WW1) – developed out of an urgent need to select personnel with specific aptitudes for training in specialist and strategic roles. Today – Psychological tests widely used in selection practices. USES OF TESTS Evaluation of right candidate Proper selection of candidate Identifying the candidates personality Places Where Psychological Testing Is Used Colleges or Educational Institutes Army,Navy etc. Bank Airlines Companies Schools So, now a days in most of the places candidates are evaluated on the basis of the psychological test. Advantages can result in lower turnover due if applicants are selected for traits that are highly correlated with employees who have high longevity within the organization can reveal more information about applicant’s  abilities and interests can identify interpersonal traits that may be needed for certain jobs Disadvantages difficult to measure personality traits that may not be well defined applicant’s training and experience may have greater impact on job performance than applicant’s personality responses by applicant may may be altered by applicant’s desire to respond in a way they feel would result in their selection lack of diversity if all selected applicants have same personality traits cost may be prohibitive for both the test and interpretation of results lack of evidence to support validity of use of personality tests Tips Select traits carefully : An employer that selects applicants with high degree of ‘assertiveness’, ‘independence’, and ‘self-confidence’ may end up excluding females significantly more than males which would result in adverse impact. Select tests carefully: Any tests should have been analyzed for (high) reliability and (low) adverse impact. Not used exclusively: Personality tests should not be the sole instrument used for selecting applicants. Rather, they should be used in conjunction with other procedures as one element of the selection process. Applicants should not be selected on the basis of personality tests alone. . Stages In Selection Process: Stage 1: Screening Of Application Forms . Stage 2: Tests–Intelligence, Aptitude, Technical, Psychometric, Ability, Interest. Stage 3: Selection Interview. Stage 4: Selection Decision . RECRUITMENT PROCESS PRACTICE . RECRUITMENT PROCESS FOR FRESHER WRITTEN /APPTITUDE. GROUP DISCUSSION. PSYCHOMETRIC TEST(CONDITIONAL). TECHNICAL INTERVIEWS(CONDITIONAL). HR INTERVIEWS. RECRUITMENT PROCESS FOR HIGHER POST PSYCHOMETRIC TEST. BUSINESS GAME. HR INTERVIEWS. SELECTION PROCEDURE/STEPS – PRELIMINARY SCREENING – WRITTEN TEST – PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST -INTERVIEW – PHYSICAL TEST – REFERENCE – FINAL SELECTION . . Difficulties in Recruitment process Talent Acquistion. Expensive. Time Constraint. Retention of employees. Managing low attrition rate. Budget. Challenges in Recruitent & Selection: Talent Shortage Attrition Rate Reservations and other Gov. Policies Remoteness of Job Scrutinity of employee’s credentials . – Basic Different. Between Recruitment and Selection: Recruitment searching for and attracting applicants qualified to fill vacant positions Selection- Analyzing the qualifications of applicants and deciding upon those who show the most potential Take part in the selection process †¦.. How do you come to know about no. of candidates to be recruited? ïÆ'   First do check about current workforce which is on bench and having the required skill then we decide about no. of candidate to be recruited. What’s the first process of recruitment? ïÆ'   If the recruitment is on small level and the skillset is easily available then we scan our database for candidates but if the recruitment is very large and skillset is presice (or scarcity of skillset ) then we give the advertise in news papers. †¦.. What is the next step you follow ? ïÆ'   We shortlisted the resume on  the basis of skill and experience and availability of skill set in market, then we invite them for further process like Aptitude Test ,Group Discussion, Interview. †¦. What kind of professionals can find job opportunities with the company? ïÆ'   We have a rigorous recruitment process to ensure that we hire the best talent in the industry. All our HR processes are competency based. Educational qualifications are function dependent. In addition to a good education, we look for candidates with high potential, integrity and the ability to lead the organisation in future. Our main focus is on `internal growth’ and hence we look for candidates who are steady, interested in building a career with Wipro and who bring a new perspective to the organisation. †¦ What kind of retention policies do you implement to fight attrition? ïÆ'   Our values and culture, freedom and autonomy, exciting challenges and opportunities for career advancement are our key retention tools. We work in a highly charged environment with talented and successful people that motivate one and all. We believe that apart from salaries, employees seek fast growth, exciting work environment and opportunity to make a difference through entrepreneurial ventures, amongst other things. Each employee has a career growth plan in place. Based on the career plan we give each of them opportunity to work in various functions to get a wide and varied exposure. We also have a compensation design, which aggressively differentiates between performers and non-performers. We also purge ETHICS OF RECRUITING AND SELECTION Executives are often surprised to discover how many ethical dimensions exist in recruiting, probably because selection is typically viewed as a practical, rather than philosophical, decision-support system. Our experience has demonstrated that personal and corporate ethics influence not only who is selected, but how jobs are defined and who becomes a candidate. In the pages that follow, we will explore the implications of those (often subtle) ethical issues that impact every employment decision. We will  highlight our belief that there is a moral imperative attached to the recruitment and selection process which can be stated as arriving at a decision which — within the constraints of time, economics and the law — places the future of the candidate and that of the employer in the least possible jeopardy. It is epitomized by choosing a candidate who will be challenged while succeeding and who contributes to the organization’s goal attainment by adding uniquely to its fabric of talents. Making an ethical personnel selection involves gathering and carefully analyzing all relevant data so that the decision is wisely drawn, balancing the short and long-term benefits — as well as the liabilities — which could accrue to the organization and the individual. To achieve such an optimal result requires thoughtful vigilance throughout the planning, sourcing, interviewing and referencing process. www.integrepartners.com (o) 312-819-5900, (f) 312-819-5924 1 The legislations of Recruitment and Selection The contents of this section include: Data protection and freedom of information legislation Equality legislation Types of discrimination – direct and indirect ‘Lawful’ discrimination Liability What you can and can’t ask candidates Equality and Diversity policy Individual merit principle Good practice guide for interviewing (personal questions) Data protection and freedom of information legislation Data protection and freedom of information legislation are important considerations during the recruitment and selection process. Generally, personal data is only to be obtained for specified and lawful purposes (such as obtaining information for selection purposes) and relevant to employment. All information is to be confidentially maintained (e.g. Appointing Committee members must not discuss with anyone other than HR and other Committee members any candidate details). Appointing Committee members should be aware that all documentation (hard copies and electronic copies) about a candidate is potentially disclosable at their request (i.e. application to the University’s Data Protection and Freedom of Information Office). This includes: shortlisting notes interview notes notes on tests references It is, however, important that notes have sufficient detail so that decisions are fully transparent. This is both in the interests of candidates (who are increasingly seeking feedback on why they were rejected) and of the Appointment Committee members in the event there is a complaint. It is difficult, if not impossible, to recall specific details of a specific candidate months later in the event that accusations of unfair treatment are made. Equality legislation There are a number of pieces of legislation impacting the recruitment and selection process. They include: Equal Pay Act 1970 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Race Relations Act 1976 / Amendment Act 2000 Parental Leave Regulations 1999 The Disability Discrimination Act 1996, 2005, 2006 EU Directive 1000/78/EC on Equal Treatment in Employment Equality Act 2006 Work and Families Act 2006 Collectively these Acts prohibit discrimination in employment (including the recruitment and selection process) on any of the following grounds: gender marital status family status disability colour race nationality, national or ethnic origin religion or beliefs sexual orientation age Types of discrimination – direct and indirect Direct Discrimination Direct discrimination is where an individual is treated less favourably than another because of sex, marital status, colour, nation origin, disability etc. An example would be rejecting all women candidates for positions traditionally held by men (e.g. security), or advertising for ‘young researchers’ (rather than ‘early career researchers’). Indirect Discrimination Indirect discrimination is where everyone is treated the same but there are requirements that disproportionately impact members of a group protected from discrimination (e.g. women, members of a particular religion or race). An example would be height or weight or strength requirements that discriminate against women but cannot be demonstrated to be related to the ability to competently perform the job in question. Indirect discrimination is the most common form of discrimination though often inadvertent and unintentional. However, the legality of the recruitment and selection process does not rest on good intentions and cannot be used as a defence to a complaint.

What Are Scientific Investigation and Non-scientific Investigation?

Scientific investigation and non-scientific investigation are fields of inquiry used by scholars, policy makers, health professionals and economists among others, to acquire knowledge that explains the various forms of phenomena that exist in the natural physical environment. Science is derived from a Latin word scientia which literally means knowledge. It is a discipline that deals with the systematic process of gathering knowledge about the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world, based on facts that are measurable and can be proven by manipulation of data obtained through experiments, and observation (Gaukroger, 2006). Investigation is the process of enquiring into unfamiliar or questionable activities, thoroughly and systematically with the aim getting a solution (Bauer, 1992). Scientific investigation therefore is a method used to acquire knowledge through careful observation of facts of a situation that is unfamiliar or questionable, which helps in the development of a hypothesis from which logical predictions can be proven by way of experimentation, and manipulation of empirical data (Ziman, 2000). Non-scientific investigation on the other hand is devoid of all attributes that are scientific in nature. The careful examination, with the aim of establishing reasons for the occurrence or existence of a particular phenomenon cannot be verified with reference to data gathered by means of experiments, observations, empirical evidence or any other forms regarded as scientific. Conclusions are majorly based on claims, estimations and generalized assumptions that cannot be measured or empirically determined (Proper, 1983). Steps of scientific investigation: The first step involves informal observations of phenomena or behavior in a way that is not systematic. In the process, unique behavior might get noticed within the environment under investigation. For example, it may be observed that people are generally happier in warm sunny days. As questions about events arise, generalizations are made toward the noticed behavior through a process known as inductive reasoning. (Holyoak and Morrison, 2005). This involves using a specific characteristic to make conclusions about the general situation. For example, people are happier on warm and sunny days. The second step involves the formation of a tentative answer known as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a proposal expressing opinion based on incomplete evidence or a concept that has not yet been verified but that if true would explain a possible relationship between or among a set of phenomena (Burks, 1977). The hypotheses are normally tested using experimental studies to determine their relevance through a series of steps that are repetitive. This provides a consistent way of predicting further results related to specific situations or phenomena (Fraassen, 1980). This begins by listing variables that are associated with the observation. A variable is a condition that has different values for different items. For example, other variables associated with warm sunny days and happiness could be weather and health. There now arises two possible explanations for the observation made; that people are less likely to get colds and flu which limits depression and makes them happy, and people are happier in warm sunny days because the weather is bright and welcoming. At this point, one between the two observations is selected forming the hypothesis which is subjected to further investigation to determine whether it is true or false. Thirdly, is the use of the hypothesis to generate a prediction, which can be tested. This involves applying the hypothesis to a specific real-world situation that can be observed (Patten, 2004). At his level, logic is used to make a prediction through a process known as deductive reasoning where the prediction starts from a general statement to one that is specific (Patton, 2002). For example, if the hypothesis states that less depression is as a result of better lighting, a specific prediction is that, increasing lighting of a building on the ground floor should decrease depression among employees working on that floor. The fourth step is to evaluate the prediction by undertaking the actual research to provide a fair and unbiased result by observing if the hypothesis is correct (Bunge, 1998). Finally, observations are used to back, refute, or to refine the original. This is based on the extent to which observations agree with predictions. If they agree, new predictions can be set and tested. If not, then the hypothesis needs to be revised because it is wrong. The scientific process is a repetitive, circular, spiral process and not a linear process (Maleske, 2005). Other elements of scientific investigation All scientific investigations must be objective. They should not be influenced by personal feelings or opinions of the party carrying out the investigation but rather by facts that can be proven (Neuman, 2006). This reduces the eventuality of biased interpretations and conclusions of results from an investigation. Scientific investigations must be documented. Official records should be kept for use as evidence or proof that investigation on a particular phenomenon actually took place. This would lend credibility to the process in case any there is need for further investigation (Krippendorff, 2004). Another basic expectation is to archive all documented work resulting from scientific investigation. This involves storage of information that is not often needed into various forms of storage media like tapes, disks, paper, and slides for future reference. Data and methodology from scientific investigations must be shared to allow for careful scrutiny by other scientists. This allows other researchers the opportunity to carefully scrutinize results and also verify them by attempting to reproduce them through a practice called full disclosure (Holton, 1988). Finally, scientific investigations must allow for statistical measures of reliability of the data to be established. Non-scientific investigation Non-scientific investigation is a process of inquiry into particular phenomena existing in the natural physical environment in a manner that is not systematic. The major aspects of non-scientific investigation are qualitative in nature, in the sense that the process of inquiry is not based on facts and data that is measurable and can be empirically manipulated to arrive at conclusions but reasoned explanations, estimations, generalized assumptions and comparisons form the basis of non-scientific investigation (Salmon, 1990). Forms of non-scientific investigation Tenacity is used to acquire knowledge from habit or superstition. Repetitive and predictable events form the basis upon which knowledge is acquired. There is no actual observation and examination of variables through research. As Stanovich (2007) observes, the element of repetitiveness and predictability hold a critical place in the field of science. Intuition is another form of non-scientific investigation through which knowledge is acquired. The substance of the matter under investigation is determined by a hunch or feeling that could be emotionally motivated or not (Stanovich, 2007). Through keen observation or by reading other sources, feelings and emotions may be invoked triggering studies that end up on conclusions being made. The nature of conclusions depends on the emotional disposition of the investigator. Authority by experts is another form of non-scientific investigation (Thurs, 2007). This is simply derived from the idea that expert opinion is based on information acquired earlier through various forms. Due to the fact that individual experts are expected to offer leadership in their areas of specialization, they easily contribute information which is presumed to be knowledge. Rationalism is another form of non-scientific investigation where knowledge is acquired from reasoning and making of logical conclusions (Audi, 1999). Simply put, rationalism is based on appeal to logic. However, logic may not necessarily explain phenomena as certain information may be convincing though such may fail the knowledge test. Lastly is empiricism which relates to acquisition of knowledge from direct sensory observation (Keeton, 1962). This is heavily dependent on the five senses possessed by a human being including the sense of touch, smell, taste, sound and sight. Conclusion Scientific and non-scientific investigation offer useful skills of inquiry that can be used hand in hand. These two processes complement each other throughout the whole investigative process to bring about a more comprehensive and tangible investigation (McComas, 2002). The steps under scientific investigation are punctuated by elements of non-scientific investigation giving it substance and credibility that is necessary for the process to be complete. The following non-scientific forms of investigation roughly show the correlation that exists with the scientific forms, observation (method of empiricism), reading other researchers’ articles (method of authority) (MacMorris, 1989). For an investigation to be deemed complete and comprehensive, scientific investigation and non-scientific investigation must be used together.

Holocaust - The Destruction Process essays

Holocaust - The Destruction Process essays During the period from the early 1930's to the mid 40's, the Jews in Germany, Poland, and throughout Europe faced intense discrimination from the Nazis. Starting with boycotts and pogroms, the Nazis proceeded to institute legislation against the Jews with the Nuremberg Laws. Institution of ghettos began in the late 1930's. A climate of hostility against Jews had been methodically and relentlessly established. The Holocaust was a systematic destruction process, which, in a very rational, bureaucratic and almost scientific fashion, developed the way for expropriation of property, suppression of rights, and ultimately for extermination camps. From a legal point of view, the first years of the Nazis in power were very important. Nazi propaganda started with the first phase of the destruction process: defamation. Nazis began to erase the rights of Jews and other party enemies soon after Hitler became Chancellor in January of 1933. To be more specific, on March 23, 1933, the Enabling Act was passed, a law authorizing the government to issue legislation, even if that legislation deviated from the Reich Constitution. One example of this legislation is a series of laws that were created for banning "non-Aryans" from civil service, the legal, medical, and dental professions, teaching positions, cultural and entertainment enterprises, and the press. (The Law for the restoration of the Professional Civil Service, A Holocaust Reader, Dawidowicz, p. 35). On September 15, 1935, at the party rally, the Nuremberg Laws were announced. "A Reich citizen is only that subject of German or kindred blood" (Reich Citizen Law of 1935). Therefore, Jews no longer were German citizens; they were subjects. To protect the "German Blood and German Honor," they were forbidden to marry "Aryans" and forbidden to fly the Reich and national flags (Protection of German Blood and German Honor of 1935). The testimonies of Ruth Kent, a Holocaust survivor, show how the...

SAT Critical Reading -PrepScholar 2016 Students Encyclopedia

SAT Critical Reading -PrepScholar 2016 Students' Encyclopedia SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The Critical Reading section of the SAT tests students' literacy skills, in particulartheir reading comprehension and understanding of vocabulary. It is meant to measure students' ability to understand written English on the level neededfor success in college courses. Top scorers on thissection tend to use methods of speed reading and skimming for importantdetails to their advantage, as Critical Readingquestions simultaneously requireclose reading and efficiency. Studies have also shown that maintaining a mindset of interest in the passages aidsa reader's retention of facts and details. Note: this article is a series in the PrepScholar2016 Students' Encyclopedia, a free students' and parents' SAT / ACT guide that provides encyclopedic knowledge. Read all the articles here! While studentsmay be accustomed to debatingvarious points of view within their English classrooms, they will not find room for subjective opinion on the SAT Critical Reading. Instead, each question has only one, unambiguously correct answer, even questions that ask for inference or interpretation. Preparation with SAT materialscan help students applytheir skills of reading comprehension to SATCritical Reading questions that maydiffer from traditional classroom approaches. Critical Reading sections are interspersed throughout the test with Mathematics and Writing sections. There aretwo 25 minute sections and one 20 minute section for a total of 70 minutes. The Critical Reading section asks a total of 67 questions, all of which are multiple choice. If students encounter three25 minute Critical Reading sections on the SAT, then one of them is experimental and will not be scored. On recently administered tests, students have reported encountering unexpectedCritical Reading questions that involved a "base question," followed by several "evidence questions" that referred back to it. For instance, an evidence question might take the form of, "Which of the following provides the best evidence for the previous question?" Since this format is not characteristic of questions onthe Critical Reading section, it is likely that these questions appeared on the experimental, or variable, section in order to test out new material for the redesigned SAT starting in Marchof 2016. Apart from these unconfirmed clues, students have no way of knowing exactly which SAT section is experimental and benefit from treating allsections as important fortheir overall score. There are two main types of questions within Critical Reading: passage-based questions and sentence completions. Passage-based questions test students' reading comprehensionand analysis, while sentence completionsask students to choose one or two vocabulary words that best fit the meaning of a given sentence.Across all Critical Readingsections, there are 19 sentence completions and 48 passage-based questions. Passage-based questions ask about a short passage of 100 to 200 words, a long passage of 400 to 800 words, or paired passages of 250 to 600 words. Paired passages usually address the same topic or theme, and students are asked to compare and contrast the excerpts or the perspectives of the authors. Passages alwaysconsist of prose and may be taken from longer works in the natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, literary fiction, or personal narrative. At the beginning of each passage is a blurb stating its source and author, whichmay help deepen students' comprehension by groundingthe passage in its historical context. Many SAT experts agree that passage-based questions fall into five general types. SAT teachers and tutors instruct students to use these soft categorizations in order to understand eachquestion's intent and to focus their attention on the relevant information within the passage(s). These question types may be identified asbig picture, little picture, inference, vocabulary in context, and author's perspective. The first Critical Reading question type asks for the "big picture," or main purpose, of a passage. Big picture questions tend toask fora passage's theme or its overall purpose, including whether it ismeant to inform, review, contradict, persuade, parody, or hypothesize. For instance, this official sample SAT question falls into the big picture category. Sample SAT Question The second question type asks for "little picture," or refers the reader to a specific detail within a passage and cites its location, as lines are numbered by multiples of five. This type of Critical Readingquestion may ask how a line functions within a paragraph, or what a paragraph accomplishes within theentire passage. While it is taken out of context, thisSAT sample question is an example of a little picture passage-based question. Sample SAT Question The third passage-based question type asks for an inference based on a line, paragraph, or passage in its entirety. These questions may differ from the inference skills students apply within their English classrooms, as they are not subjective and will only have one unambiguously correct answer choice. This sample question, while taken out of context, falls into this category of inference Critical Reading questions. Sample SAT Question Fourth, some questions ask about vocabulary in context. Unlike sentence completions, these questions generally refer to easy or medium-range vocabulary words that arebeing used in an unusual way within the context of the passage. Students must use context clues to glean the meaning or function of the word as it is being used. Often, the answer choices will contain higher level vocabulary words than the one under question. Sample SAT Question Finally, the fifth categorization refers to the author's technique, tone, or style. To prepare themselves for these kinds of questions, students are likely to benefit from studyingcommon tone classifications like somber, ambivalent, vindictive, sarcastic, earnest, and pragmatic. Sample SAT Question While Critical Reading questions may not all fall neatly within these domains, as they are based on analysis rather than on official College Board policy, most SAT tutors and teachers agree that the majority can bethus described. Taken together, passage-based questions test students' reading skills, including their ability to make inferences, to understand words and phrases in context, to apply literary terms like tone, theme, and symbol, and to evaluate an author's logic, argument, techniques, and purpose. While these question types may appear in any order, they are arranged chronologically to coincide withthe relevant passage(s). A question about the first paragraph in a passage, for instance, will appear near the beginning of agroup of questions, while a question about the passage's conclusion will be asked near the end of thatgroup. The remaining 19 questions in the Critical Reading section are sentence completions that test vocabulary. Allof these questions are independent from one another. They have one or two blanks and ask students to choose the word(s) that "best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole." These questions test knowledge of the meaning of high level words. Commonly tested SAT vocabulary words include acrimonious, anachronistic, draconian, ephemeral, laconic, and ostracize. Students may prepare for these questions with the use of SAT vocabulary lists and flash cards. Along with an understanding of vocabulary, these sentences also test an awarenessof how a sentence fits together logically.Students benefit from seeing therelationships among words in a sentence. For instance, a conjunctiveadverb like "however" may indicatethat part of the sentence contrasts with another part, like in the following SAT sample question. Sample SAT Question Answer: B Each Critical Reading section starts out with 5 to 8 sentence completions, with the remainder of the questions being passage-based. Students who perform best on the Critical Reading section of the SAT have a strong working knowledge of SAT vocabulary words, as well as an ability to comprehend and analyze prose with efficiency. Students also benefit from taking a strategic approach to time management, some choosing to read the pertinent passage-based questions before reading the passage, along with using skimming and speed-reading techniques. Redesign Alert The new SAT, starting in Marchof 2016, eliminates sentence completion questions. Vocabulary questions will focus on medium-level, multiple-meaning words within the context of longer passages. Read more from the SAT Encyclopedia! Further Reading The Best Way to Read the Passage in SAT Reading The Best SAT Vocabulary Lists on the Web How to Get an 800 on SAT Reading

The Hunting of Ancient Human Beings Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Hunting of Ancient Human Beings - Term Paper Example These hominids evolved into Homo Erectus 1.5 million years ago followed by the Neanderthal man 200000 years ago. These hominids were hunter-gathers and used stone tools for this work and each stage was marked by improved intellect and mind. Due to increased population leading to overhunting, a Neolithic Revolution occurred 12000 years ago thus shift from hunting and gathering to plant and animal domestication in the Middle East along the Nile. This paper will discuss the hunting methods of the early man from Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Neanderthal men to the beginning of Agriculture by the Homo sapiens. The Homo habilis is the earliest species of â€Å"humans† or bipedal beings. They were regarded as the â€Å"handymen† or â€Å"skillful human† by Louis and Mary Leaky who discovered their fossils alongside at Olduvai Gorge in Africa in 1959. According to the archeologists, Homo habilis existed 2.5 million years ago and were the earliest tools making hominid. They had a brain fifty percent larger than their predecessors the Australopithecus who lived 3-4 million years ago (Duiker & Spielvogel 3). They were regarded as handy as they could use their hands to grasp objects and make stone tools marking the beginning of the Paleolithic period (Old Stone Age). They were bipedal humans in that they had an upright posture and could walk with their legs, unlike the Australopithecines who were more like chimpanzees. According to Brown, Fairfax, and Sarao, they had â€Å"larger teeth than human and elongated premolars† (n.p). Their brain had a cranial capacity of 55 0cc. The development of the brain was a very crucial for early men as it determined the way of life and advancement to the next stage of evolution. These hominids depended on hunting and gathering hence intellect determined the types of tools to make and the type of game and fruits to gather as well as survival tactics.

Estate Plan for the Wright Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Estate Plan for the Wright Family - Essay Example Contextually, it could also be to circumvent any future challenges posed by his former wife on his assets, joint or individual. From the point of view of Margaret, the driving force of the plan would be in ensuring that only her husband, Tom benefits from her assets, and not his ex-wife and/or son. It is also necessary to have estate planning in place in order to overcome the sudden and unexpected death of spouse, in that it could provide for safety and comfortable living for the remaining members of Tom's family, should such an eventuality occur, especially if the spouse dies intestate (without providing a will) or testamentary documents. Will formation, a part of estate planning is an important and crucial exercise for all married couples and families, since the advantages and benefits associated with a person dying with a will or probate outweigh the risks and detriments associated with dying intestate. Tom is an accounting partner in a medium size accounting firm. While his earnings have been satisfactory, Tom's earlier marriage was annulled and he had to make heavy borrowings to pay off the divorce settlement. He has an eight year old son from his previous marriage and the upkeep expenses of his son are routed through a Trust, funded by an advance of his inheritance from his parents. As per current Australian tax laws, the capital amount of this trust has been earmarked for the benefit of his son "as a result of family breakdown." (Income tax assessment act 1936- sect 102aga n.d.). Current personal circumstances: Tom's present wife, Margaret has completed her medical studies and internship, and is currently employed in a local clinic for the last two years. She is competent and confident of gaining partnership status in her present employment. She proposes to be back in her clinic on part-time basis, after a period of six months after delivery of her first child. With her savings and amount received as inheritance from her parents, she has made investments in property in her individual name. Her main intentions are that her income and assets be shared only with her husband and not enjoyed by his former wife and son. Beneficiaries' circumstances: Tom's present beneficiaries are his wife, Margaret and at a later stage his children. His former wife and son have been adequately provided for by his settlement and the trust created for child support of the boy. He is not keen on making any more separate allocations to them, seen they have been well provided for, under divorce settlement. Current assets and liabilities and how owned: Tom's assets: 1. Goodwill in the accounting firm where he is partner 2. Share in the assets (Plant and Equipment) of the trust which he solely controls. 3. Equity in the Life Insurance policy on Tom's own life 4. Balance of superannuation funds 5. House property owned jointly with spouse, Margaret 6. Trust which has been earmarked for son of earlier marriage Tom's liabilities: 1. Mortgage payment on house property owned jointly by him and Margaret. This house has been 80% mortgaged and bills need to be paid. 2. Trust payments for maintenance of his son. 3. Life insurance premium on own life 4. Debts incurred for divorce settlemen