Language Conflicts And Subordination In India

talk communication Conflicts And Subordination In India speech is a fomite of thought and a means of communication. When a population is linguistically homogeneous, deli truly whitethorn contribute to the unity and the governmental stability of a secernate. When on the otherwise hand, a country contains sizable minorities speaking different phraseologys may arise serious challenges to the established claim. Under latter conditions, conflict over issues like governments address policy, may give rise to the outbreak of political violence. India has a conversion of row and governments attempts to solve wrangle problem was created the conflicts.Language is undoubtedly the most single possession of kind-hearted race. Man is clear distinguished from other specious by his capacity for using style. The border talking to is derived from the Latin intelligence lingua meaning applauder. Historians of diction weigh speech as capital and writing as secondary. Dr.K.T.Khader b rings some of the definitions of dustup which atomic subroutine 18 in currently popular linguistic circles that is Ronald Wardhaughs definition language as a system of arbitrary vocal figures utilize for human communications. Noam Chomskys definition Language is a rotary ( bounded or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. and the encyclopaedia Britannicas definition, language as a system of conventional, spoken or pen symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a affectionate pigeonholing and interpretericipant in its culture, communicate. On the basis of these definitions we lowlife say language is communication and making of meaning through written symbols, spoken word and visual imagery.1According to David watch crystal, one of the foremost authorities on language is the primary out ward sign of a groups identity. Language becomes an index of a communitys cultural ethos.2Language is besides the mos t widely encountered symbol of emerging nationhood. Linguistic identity on the past as comfortably as today continues to play a significant role in defining political and state identity as well as geographical boundaries. The boundaries of nation-states as well as states within countries atomic number 18 oftentimes defined on the basis of linguistic identity. The linguistic division of states in India later onward independence is the best instance for this. Political incompetence and want of well-considered and long term policies with regard to language and script see ca purposed a great deal of problems in whole over India.3Crystal says heap who no longer speak the language, or who have never spoken it, are excluded from the culture, even if on other grounds they believe themselves to be part of it.4This position is more likely to be espo utilize by hatful who do speak the indigenous language. Language can be drilld to affirm social solidarity among those who use it.Acco rding to Mikhail Bakthin, a scholar in general worked on philosophy of language, language is a social phenomenon, is a verbal-ideological foundation comprised of centripetal and centrifugal forces.5Centripetal forces result in a one(a) language which Bakhtin elaborates to be a system of linguistic norms which are not solitary(prenominal) grammatical rules but also ideologically saturated with a world view such a language creates within a heteroglot6 interior(a) language the firm, stable nucleus of an officially recognized language.7 both individual or collective vox participates in the unitary language (in its centripetal, unifying forces) and par come upons of social/historical heteroglossia (centrifugal, stratifying forces).8The living, shaping environment of each utterance is dialogized heteroglossia, anonymous and social, as well as concrete and specific as individual utterance. This stratification and heteroglossia widen and deepen as long as language is alive and develop ing.9Bakthin observes that when any word is used to express an persuasion or describe an object, it encounters other haggle about the same base or object, which then becomes overlain with heteroglot social opinion, charged with value, and open to dispute. In this dialogic fundamental interaction with this tension-filled environment, the word gets into complex interrelationships with other words, merges with some, and recoils from others. The word and utterance in any language shape themselves in this dialogic process. In colonial and postcolonial India, slope words and phrases became part of other Indian languages precisely through this dialogic interaction. Nandita Ghosh observes this Bakhtinian process of hybridity is also filled with violence and displacements between languages, causing misgivings.10India is the seat of many languages. The languages of India are come apartd into two large groups, the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages, with a smaller number o f languages geting to unrelated phyla such as Tibeto-Burman. Linguistic records begin with the demeanor of the Brhm script from about the 6th century BC.The languages of India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages (spoken by 72% of Indians) and the Dravidian languages (spoken by 25% of Indians). Other languages spoken in India belong to the Austro-Asiatic, Tibeto-Burman, and a few minor language families and isolates.11The Three-language formula is a formula of language eruditeness formulated by the Union Education Ministry of the Government of India in consultation with the states. The formula was pronounced in the 1968 National Policy soundness This formula directed that those in educational institutions, media, industry, and administration learn side of meat and Hindu as the two official languages, and it also provided for the optional learning of Sanskrit, Urdu, or another regional language. This formula was still unsatisfactory because regional communities perceived their language to be in third place to English and Hindi in importance and market value. Nehru was unable to retain Hindi as the only official language as per the Official Languages motivate in 1963 he had to amend it in 1967 to retain English as the associate official language. He also linguistically reorganized states and reject any demand for special languages unless these had popular support.12Nehrus policies proved to be unpopular. Language riots skint out in Madras in 1950 and in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, and Punjab through the 60s and 70s, which partially fueled the rise of militant separatist political campaigns in the 1980s.The Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu were a series of agitations that happened in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras State and part of Madras Presidency) during both pre- and post-Independence periods. The agitations involved several mass protests, riots, schoolchild and political movem ents in Tamil Nadu, and concerned the official status of Hindi in the state and in the Indian Republic. The first anti-Hindi agitation was launched in 1937, in resister to the introduction of compulsory teaching of Hindi in the schools of Madras Presidency by the first Indian National Congress government led by C. Rajagopalachari. The in the raw Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. Efforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi as the official language after 1965 were not acceptable to many non-Hindi Indian states, who wanted the continued use of English. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a descendant of Dravidar Kazhagam, led the opposition to Hindi. To relieve their fears, Prime minister of religion Jawaharlal Nehru enacted the Official Languages Act in 1963 to ensure the continuing use of English beyond 1965.13On 25 January, a full-scale riot broke out in the southern city of Madurai, sparked off by a minor altercation between agitating students and Congress pa rty members. To stabilise the situation, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri gave assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long the non-Hindi speaking states wanted. The riots subsided after Shastris assurance, as did the student agitation.14The Official Languages Act was eventually amended in 1967 by the Congress Government headed by Indira Gandhi to guarantee the indefinite use of Hindi and English as official languages. This effectively ensured the current virtual(prenominal) indefinite policy of bilingualism of the Indian Republic. There were also two similar (but smaller) agitations in 1968 and 1986 which had varying degrees of success.15The Konkani language agitations were a series of agitations that happened in the Indian state of Goa (formerly the union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu) during the post-Independence period. The agitations involved several mass protests, riots, student and political movements in Goa, and concerned th e official status of Konkani in the state and in the Indian Republic.16The Kosli language movement has been campaigning for scholarship for the Kosli language. This movement is going on from last five decades in the districts of Western Orissa or Kosal. Persons like Kosal ratna late Prayag Dutta Joshi, Dr. Nilamadhab Panigrahi and others have started this movement.. Kosli language is considered as a stress of Oriya language. In the Census of India- 2001, Kosli language is sh have got as a mother tongue grouped under Oriya language. There are several Radio and T.V. programs in Kosli language. The main objective of this movement is to include the Kosli language in the eighth schedule of the Indian constitution.17The Rajasthani language movement has been campaigning for greater recognition for the Rajasthani language since 1947. Rajasthani is still officially considered a dialect of Hindi. However, the Sahitya Akademi considers it a trenchant language.18The Punjabi Suba movement aim ed at creation of a Punjabi-majority subah (province) in the Punjab region of India in the 1950s. Led by the Akali Dal, it resulted in the formation of the Punjabi-majority Punjab state, the Hindi-majority Haryana state and the Union soil of Chandigarh. Some Pahari majority parts of the East Punjab were also merged with Himachal Pradesh as a result of the movement.19In Maharashtra language conflict has taken a violent turn and Marathi is now being used as the cock to drive out all non-Marathi speakers. In the nineteen sixties, a new political party called the Shiv Sena became a force to reckon with because it promoted the concept of Maharashtra for Marathi speakers only, the hint being that jobs in the state and especially in Bombay, should go to Marathi speakers and aught else. Over the years the Shiv Sena has embraced different platforms including a fundamentalist Hindu stance. only when two years ago the Sena split and the breakaway group, the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena has gone can to the original agenda of the Shiv Sena.20Mahatma Gandhi wrote, Hindustani, i.e., a blend of Hindi and Urdu, should be accepted as the national language for future use. So, the future members of the councils will take a pledge that till the use of English is stopped in correspondence, etc., at the national level, Hindustani should be used in the regal Council and regional languages should be used in the Provincial Councils. They should resolve that Hindustani would be implemented as the compulsory co-language in middle schools with license to choose either the Devanagari or the Urdu script. English language will be accepted in the field of administrative matters,diplomacy, and international trade.21Pierre Bourdieu assumes that the symbolic domination of one or a set of languages is directly a result of market-governed instrumental rationality.22The issues related to linguistic ideology with the structure of social stratification and division of classes in a speech comm unity. According to N. Dorian, a noted scholar on language, most people feel a degree of attachment to their ancestral language. If conditions are reasonably, people identify with their own language and do not charmk a preferable substitute. In case in which people have changed to another language and stipulation up their own entirely, it has nearly always been due to a local anesthetic history of political suppression, social discrimination, or economic deprivation.23Other factors that stake the survival of a language include the small size of a language group, extinction of sizeable members of the community on account of wars, pagan conflicts, displacement, and epidemics or due to migration necessitated by economic or social factors.Crystal has suggested several steps the linguistic minority community could adopt to shelter languages from extinction. These include increasing the prestige of the minority language within the prevalent community, improving their economic statu s, power and authority, reducing the language to writing, and strong mien in the educational system.24India alone is home to about 380 languages. Northeast India is home to about 240 languages and dialects. There is also the hegemony and the dominance of the stronger groups over the weaker ones. In north-east India there are several factors that threaten language survival. These include geographical isolation of cultural groups, migration of youth to towns and cities for education and work, ethnic conflicts and displacements. There is the absence of adequate policies to promote mother tongue education at primary school level. Often the members of the community themselves are not conscious of the risk of exposure of their language becoming extinct. According to Riley, the survival of a minority language is closely bound up with the affirmation and preservation of a discrete ethnic identity and culture.25The plight of minority languages in the world is very precarious as most of them are facing extinction. Scholars speak of language murder, language death and linguistic genocide to refer to the phenomenon of extinction of minority languages.26The most important direct agents in language murder are the media and the educational system. Behind them are the real culprits the global economics, military and political systems. Children are taught through the medium of dominant languages often forcing them to use only the dominant languages.27Children from minority language communities often attend classes taught in national or regional language that they do not understand. Many of them invite it difficult to learn to read or master other schoolman skills, forcing them to drop out of school before completing primary school. cosmos poverty stricken and lower caste, most adivasis cannot afford an education in any of official languages because it is expensive. Their exclusion from mainstream languages incapacitates them from re kick ining their interests to gove rnment officials and bargaining for the funds set aside for their welfare.One cannot ignore the fact that linguistic aspiration and ethnic identity continue to be underlying factors in some of the present day conflicts and tension as well. India beautifully combines a rich diversity of languages. Instead of seeing language plurality as a problem, we ought to see it as a resource. Our rich cultural and environmental resources and our varied tongues can be the best gifts that we can hand over to posterity. In colonial times, the British played havoc with us with their divide and rule politics. provided its sixty-one years since we won independence. Do we really want to divide and tear the subcontinent apart in the name of language? Most other countries have a single language. How fortunate we in India are to have this treasure-trove of twenty-two major languages, not to mention hundreds of dialects. The further subordination any regional, and tribal languages creates a hierarchy, whi ch becomes a site for the struggle for dominance and get a line of resources and power in India.